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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓                     Biography of John McCarthy


␈↓ α∧␈↓BORN:  September 4, 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts

␈↓ α∧␈↓EDUCATION:
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTB.S.  (Mathematics) California Institute of Technology, 1948
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTPh.D. (Mathematics) Princeton University, 1951

␈↓ α∧␈↓HONORS AND SOCIETIES:
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAmerican Society for the Advancement of Science
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAmerican Mathematical Society
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAssociation for Computing Machinery
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTIEEE
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSigma Xi
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSloan Fellow in Physical Science, 1957-59
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTACM National Lecturer, 1961
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTA. M. Turing Award from Association for Computing Machinery, 1971
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTEditorial Board, Artificial Intelligence Journal, 1975 - present
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAcademic Advisor, National Legal Center for Public Information, 1976 - 1980
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTBoard of Directors, Information International, Inc., 1962 - present.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTBoard of Directors, Inference Corporation, 1983 - present.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSigma Xi National Lecturer, 1977
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTFellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1979 - 1980.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTPresident, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 1983-84

␈↓ α∧␈↓PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTProcter Fellow, Princeton University, 1950-51
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHiggins Research Instructor in Mathematics,
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Princeton University, 1951-53
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTActing Assistant Professor of Mathematics,
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Stanford University, Sept. 1953 - Jan. 1955
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAssistant Professor of Mathematics, Dartmouth
␈↓ α∧␈↓                College, Feb. 1955 - June 1958
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAssistant Professor of Communication Science,
␈↓ α∧␈↓                M.I.T., 1958 - 1961
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAssociate Professor of Communication Science,
␈↓ α∧␈↓                M.I.T., 1961 - 1962
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTProfessor of Computer Science
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Stanford University, 1962 - present
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTDirector, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Stanford University, 1965 - 1980

␈↓ α∧␈↓PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS:
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTWith Marvin Minsky organized and directed the Artificial
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Intelligence Project at M.I.T.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOrganized and directed Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u2


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTDeveloped the LISP programming system for computing with
␈↓ α∧␈↓                symbolic expressions, participated in the development
␈↓ α∧␈↓                of the ALGOL 58 and the ALGOL 60 languages.  Present
␈↓ α∧␈↓                scientific work is in the fields of Artificial
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Intelligence, Computation with Symbolic Expressions,
␈↓ α∧␈↓                Mathematical Theory of Computation, Time-Sharing computer
␈↓ α∧␈↓                systems.






␈↓ α∧␈↓Achievements:

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT1. Invented Lisp language and directed first implementation.  1958.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT2.␈α∪Proposed␈α∪use␈α∪of␈α∪logic␈α∪for␈α∪expressing␈α∪common␈α∪sense␈α∪knowledge␈α∪and␈α∪common␈α∪sense
␈↓ α∧␈↓reasoning␈α∩and␈α∩developed␈α∩first␈α∩formalizations␈α∩of␈α∩common␈α∩sense␈α∩knowledge␈α∩in␈α∩logic␈α∩including
␈↓ α∧␈↓situation calculus. 1958

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT3. Made first (1957 informally, 1959 formally) proposals for time-sharing computer systems.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT4.␈α∂Initiated␈α∂work␈α∂on␈α∂proving␈α∂that␈α∂computer␈α∂programs␈α∂meet␈α∂their␈α∂specifications␈α∂including
␈↓ α∧␈↓first␈α⊂theory␈α⊂of␈α⊂conditional␈α⊂expression␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊂use␈α⊂of␈α⊂conditional␈α⊂expressions␈α⊂for␈α⊂representing
␈↓ α∧␈↓recursive programs.  1961.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT5. Proposed circumscription method of non-monotonic reasoning. 1977.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αT6. Proposed alpha-beta heuristic and killer heuristic for game playing.  1957.

␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ ε0Publications

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1951)␈↓:␈α"Projection␈αOperators␈αand␈αPartial␈αDifferential␈αEquations"␈αPh.D.␈α Thesis,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Princeton University.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α_John␈α_(1952)␈↓:␈α_"A␈α_Method␈α_for␈α_the␈α_Calculation␈α_of␈α_Limit␈α_Cycles␈α_by␈α_Successive
␈↓ α∧␈↓Approximation"␈α→in␈α→␈↓↓Contributions␈α→to␈α→the␈α→Theory␈α→of␈α→Nonlinear␈α→Oscillations␈α→II␈↓,␈α→Annals␈α→of
␈↓ α∧␈↓Mathematics Study No. 29, Princeton University, pp. 75-79.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α(1953)␈↓:␈α"An␈αEverywhere␈αContinuous␈αNowhere␈αDifferentiable␈αFunction,"␈α␈↓↓American
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Mathematical Monthly␈↓, December 1953, p. 709.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1954)␈↓: "A Nuclear Reactor for Rockets" ␈↓↓Jet Propulsion␈↓, January 1954.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1955)␈↓:␈α"The␈αStability␈αof␈αInvariant␈αManifolds"␈αApplied␈αMathematics␈αLaboratory
␈↓ α∧␈↓Technical Report No. 36, Stanford University, 25 pp.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1956)␈↓:␈α"The␈αInversion␈αof␈αFunctions␈αDefined␈αby␈αTuring␈αMachines,"␈αin␈α␈↓↓Automata
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Studies, Annals of Mathematical Study No. 34,␈↓ Princeton, pp. 177-181.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u3


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∪John␈α∪(1956)␈↓:␈α∪"Aggregation␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪Open␈α∪Leontief␈α∪Model,"␈α∪in␈α∪Progress␈α∪Report␈α∪of
␈↓ α∧␈↓Dartmouth Mathematics Project.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊂John␈α⊂(1956)␈↓:␈α⊂"Measures␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂Value␈α⊂of␈α⊂Information,"␈α⊂␈↓↓Proceedings␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂National
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Academy of Sciences␈↓, September 1956.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1956)␈↓:␈α
Co-editor␈α
with␈α
Dr.␈α
Claude␈α
E.␈α
Shannon␈α
of␈α
␈↓↓Automata␈α
Studies␈↓,␈α
Annals␈α
of
␈↓ α∧␈↓Mathematics Study No. 34, Princeton University Press.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1960)␈↓:␈α"Recursive␈αFunctions␈αof␈αSymbolic␈αExpressions␈αand␈αtheir␈αComputation␈αby
␈↓ α∧␈↓Machine," ␈↓↓Comm. ACM␈↓, April 1960.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∩John␈α∩(1960)␈↓:␈α∩"Programs␈α∩with␈α∩Common␈α∩Sense,"␈α∩in␈α∩Proceedings␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩Teddington
␈↓ α∧␈↓Conference␈α
on␈α
the␈α
Mechanization␈α
of␈α
Thought␈α
Processes,␈α
Her␈α
Majesty's␈α
Stationery␈α
Office,␈α
London.
␈↓ α∧␈↓common[e80,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(with␈α12␈αothers)␈α(1960)␈↓␈α"ALGOL␈α60",␈α␈↓↓Numerische␈αMathematik␈↓,␈αMarch␈α1960,␈αalso
␈↓ α∧␈↓in ␈↓↓Comm. ACM␈↓, May 1960 and Jan. 1963.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1961)␈↓:␈α
"A␈α
Basis␈α
for␈α
Mathematical␈α
Theory␈α
of␈α
Computation",␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓Proc.␈α
 Western
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Joint␈αComputer␈αConf.␈↓,␈αMay␈α1961,␈αpp.␈α225-238.␈α Later␈αversion␈αin␈αBraffort,␈αP.␈αand␈αD.␈αHirschberg
␈↓ α∧␈↓(eds.) ␈↓↓Computer Programming and Formal Systems␈↓, North-Holland Publishing Co. (1963).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1962)␈↓:␈α
"Time-Sharing␈α
Computing␈α
Systems,"␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓Management␈α
and␈α
the␈α
Computer␈α
of
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓the Future␈↓, Martin Greenberger (ed.), MIT Press.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊂John␈α⊂(with␈α⊂Paul␈α⊂Abrahams,␈α⊂Daniel␈α⊂Edwards,␈α⊂Timothy␈α⊂Hart␈α⊂and␈α⊂Michael␈α⊂Levin)
␈↓ α∧␈↓α(1962)␈↓: ␈↓↓LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual␈↓, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1962)␈↓:␈α
"Computer␈α
Programs␈α
for␈α
Checking␈α
Mathematical␈α
Proofs",␈α
␈↓↓Amer.␈α
Math.
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Soc. Proc. of Symposia in Pure Math.␈↓, Vol. 5.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∪John␈α∪(1963)␈↓:␈α∪"Towards␈α∪a␈α∪Mathematical␈α∪Theory␈α∪of␈α∪Computation",␈α∪in␈α∪Proc.␈α∪ IFIP
␈↓ α∧␈↓Congress 62, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1963)␈↓:␈α
"A␈α
Basis␈α
for␈α
a␈α
Mathematical␈α
Theory␈α
of␈α
Computation",␈α
in␈α
P.␈α
Braffort␈α
and
␈↓ α∧␈↓D.␈α
Hirschberg␈α
(eds.),␈α
␈↓↓Computer␈α
Programming␈α
and␈α
Formal␈α
Systems␈↓,␈α
North-Holland␈α
Publishing␈α
Co.,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Amsterdam, pp. 33-70.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1963)␈↓:␈α
"A␈α
Time-Sharing␈α
Debugging␈α
System␈α
for␈α
a␈α
Small␈α
Computer",␈α
(with␈α
Boilen,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Fredkin␈αand␈αLicklider),␈αProc.␈αAFIPS␈α1963␈αSpring␈αJoint␈αComputer␈αConf.,␈αSparten␈αBooks,␈αDetroit,
␈↓ α∧␈↓pp. 51-57.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∪John␈α∪(1963)␈↓:␈α∪"The␈α∪Linking␈α∪Segment␈α∪Subprogram␈α∪Language␈α∪and␈α∪Linking␈α∪Loader
␈↓ α∧␈↓Programming Languages", Comm. ACM, July 1963.  (with F.  Corbato and M. Daggett),

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1965)␈↓:␈α
"Problems␈α
in␈α
the␈α
Theory␈α
of␈α
Computation",␈α
in␈α
Proc.␈α
 IFIP␈α
Congress␈α
65,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Spartan, Washington, D.C..
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u4


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊗John␈α⊗(1966)␈↓:␈α⊗"A␈α⊗Formal␈α⊗Description␈α⊗of␈α⊗a␈α⊗Subset␈α⊗of␈α⊗Algol",␈α⊗␈↓↓Formal␈α⊗Language
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Description␈αLanguages␈αfor␈αComputer␈αProgramming␈↓,␈αT.B.␈αSteel,␈αJr.␈α(ed.),␈αNorth-Holland␈αPubl.␈αCo.,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Amsterdam, pp. 1-12.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1968␈↓:␈α"Time-Sharing␈αComputer␈αSystems",␈αin␈α␈↓↓Conversational␈αComputers␈↓,␈αWilliam
␈↓ α∧␈↓Orr (ed), Wiley Publishing Company.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1966)␈↓: "Information", ␈↓↓Scientific American␈↓, Vol. 215.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α∞(1967)␈↓:␈α∞"THOR␈α∞-␈α∞A␈α∞Display␈α∞Based␈α∞Time-Sharing␈α
System",␈α∞(with␈α∞D.␈α∞Brian,␈α∞G.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Feldman, and John Allen) ␈↓↓AFIPS Conf. Proc.␈↓, Vol. 30, (FJCC) Thompson, Washington, D.C..

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊂John␈α⊂(1967)␈↓:␈α⊂"Computer␈α⊂Control␈α⊂of␈α⊂a␈α⊂Hand␈α⊂and␈α⊂Eye",␈α⊂in␈α⊂␈↓↓Proc.␈α⊂ Third␈α⊂All-Union
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Conference on Automatic Control (Technical Cybernetics)␈↓, Nauka, Moscow, (Russian).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α	John␈α
(1968)␈↓:␈α
"Programs␈α
with␈α
Common␈α
Sense,"␈α
in␈α
M.␈α
Minsky␈α
(ed.),␈α
␈↓↓Semantic␈α	Information
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Processing␈↓, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1968)␈↓:␈α
"A␈α
Computer␈α
with␈α
Hands,␈α
Eyes,␈α
and␈α
Ears,"␈α
(with␈α
L.␈α
Earnest,␈α
D.␈α
Reddy,␈α
P.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Vicens) ␈↓↓Proc. AFIPS Conf.␈↓ (FJCC).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∞John␈α∞and␈α∞P.J.␈α∞Hayes␈α∞(1969)␈↓:␈α∞"Some␈α∞Philosophical␈α∞Problems␈α∞from␈α∞the␈α∞Standpoint␈α∞of
␈↓ α∧␈↓Artificial␈α
Intelligence",␈α
in␈α
D.␈α
Michie␈α
(ed),␈α
␈↓↓Machine␈α
Intelligence␈α
4␈↓,␈α
American␈α
Elsevier,␈α
New␈α
York,
␈↓ α∧␈↓NY.  phil[ess,jmc] with slight modifications

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1972)␈↓:␈α"The␈αHome␈αInformation␈αTerminal,"␈αMan␈αand␈αComputer,␈αin␈αProceedings
␈↓ α∧␈↓International Conference, Bordeaux 1970, S. Karger, N.Y.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1973)␈↓:␈α
"Mechanical␈α
Servants␈α
for␈α
Mankind,"␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓Britannica␈α
Yearbook␈α
of␈α
Science␈α
and
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓the Future␈↓.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∞John␈α∞(1974)␈↓:␈α∞Book␈α∞Review:␈α∞"Artificial␈α∞Intelligence:␈α∞A␈α∞General␈α∞Survey"␈α∞by␈α∞Sir␈α∞James
␈↓ α∧␈↓Lighthill, in ␈↓↓Artificial Intelligence␈↓, Vol. 5, No. 3.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∞John␈α∞(1974)␈↓:␈α∞"Modeling␈α∞Our␈α∞Minds"␈α∞in␈α∞␈↓↓Science␈α∞Year␈α∞1975,␈α∞The␈α∞World␈α∞Book␈α∞Science
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Annual␈↓, Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, Chicago, ILL.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1976)␈↓:␈α"The␈αHome␈αInformation␈αTerminal,"␈αinvited␈αpresentation,␈αAAAS␈αAnnual
␈↓ α∧␈↓Meeting, Feb. 18-24, 1976, Boston.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊃John␈α⊃(1976)␈↓:␈α⊃"An␈α⊃Unreasonable␈α⊃Book,"␈α⊃a␈α⊃review␈α⊃of␈α⊃␈↓↓Computer␈α⊃Power␈α⊃and␈α⊃Human
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Reason␈↓,␈α∩by␈α∩Joseph␈α∩Weizenbaum␈α∩(W.H.␈α∩Freeman␈α∩and␈α∩Co.,␈α∩San␈α∩Francisco,␈α∩1976)␈α∩in␈α∩␈↓↓SIGART
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Newsletter␈α58␈↓,␈αJune␈α1976,␈αalso␈αin␈α␈↓↓Creative␈αComputing␈↓,␈αChestnut␈αHill,␈αMassachusetts,␈α1976␈αand␈αin
␈↓ α∧␈↓"Three␈α⊃Reviews␈α⊃of␈α⊃Joseph␈α⊃Weizenbaum's␈α⊃␈↓↓Computer␈α⊃Power␈α⊂and␈α⊃Human␈α⊃Reason␈↓",␈α⊃(with␈α⊃Bruce
␈↓ α∧␈↓Buchanan␈α↔and␈α↔Joshua␈α↔Lederberg),␈α↔Stanford␈α↔Artificial␈α↔Intelligence␈α↔Laboratory␈α↔Memo␈α↔291,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Computer Science Department, Stanford, CA.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∂John␈α∂(1977)␈↓:␈α∂Review:␈α∂␈↓↓Computer␈α∂Power␈α∂and␈α∂Human␈α∂Reason␈↓,␈α∂by␈α∂Joseph␈α∂Weizenbaum
␈↓ α∧␈↓(W.H.  Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1976) in ␈↓↓Physics Today␈↓.
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u5


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy, John (1977)␈↓: "The Home Information Terminal" ␈↓↓Grolier Encyclopedia␈↓.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1977)␈↓:␈α
"On␈α
The␈α
Model␈α
Theory␈α
of␈α
Knowledge"␈α
(with␈α
M.␈α
Sato,␈α
S.␈α
Igarashi,␈α
and␈α
T.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Hayashi),␈α
␈↓↓Proceedings␈α
of␈α
the␈α
Fifth␈α
International␈α
Joint␈α
Conference␈α
on␈α
Artificial␈α
Intelligence␈↓,␈α
M.I.T.,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Cambridge, Mass.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1977)␈↓:␈α
"Another␈α
SAMEFRINGE",␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓SIGART␈α
Newsletter␈↓␈α
No.␈α
61,␈α
February␈α
1977.
␈↓ α∧␈↓samefr[f76,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1977)␈↓:␈α
"History␈α
of␈α
LISP",␈α
in␈α
Proceedings␈α
of␈α
the␈α
ACM␈α
Conference␈α
on␈α
the␈α
History
␈↓ α∧␈↓of Programming Languages, Los Angeles.  lisp[f77,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∞John␈α∞(1977)␈↓:␈α∞"Epistemological␈α∞Problems␈α∞of␈α∞Artificial␈α∞Intelligence",␈α∞␈↓↓Proceedings␈α∞of␈α∞the
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Fifth␈α→International␈α→Joint␈α→Conference␈α→on␈α→Artificial␈α→Intelligence␈↓,␈α→M.I.T.,␈α→Cambridge,␈α→Mass.
␈↓ α∧␈↓ijcai.c[e77,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1979)␈↓:␈α
"Ascribing␈α
Mental␈α
Qualities␈α
to␈α
Machines"␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓Philosophical␈α
Perspectives␈α
in
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Artificial Intelligence␈↓, Ringle, Martin (ed.), Harvester Press, July 1979.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∩John␈α∩(1979)␈↓:␈α∩"First␈α∩Order␈α∩Theories␈α∩of␈α∩Individual␈α∩Concepts␈α∩and␈α∩Propositions",␈α∩in
␈↓ α∧␈↓Michie, Donald (ed.) ␈↓↓Machine Intelligence 9␈↓, (University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh).

␈↓ α∧␈↓*␈↓αCartwright,␈α∂Robert␈α∂and␈α∂John␈α∂McCarthy␈α∂(1979)␈↓:␈α∂"Recursive␈α∂Programs␈α∂as␈α∂Functions␈α∂in␈α∂a␈α∂First
␈↓ α∧␈↓Order␈α∀Theory",␈α∀in␈α∀␈↓↓Proceedings␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∀International␈α∀Conference␈α∀on␈α∀Mathematical␈α∀Studies␈α∀of
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Information Processing␈↓, Kyoto, Japan.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊃John␈α⊃(1980)␈↓:␈α⊃"Circumscription␈α⊃-␈α⊃A␈α⊃Form␈α⊃of␈α⊃Non-Monotonic␈α⊃Reasoning",␈α⊃␈↓↓Artificial
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Intelligence␈↓, Volume 13, Numbers 1,2, April.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∞John␈α∞and␈α∞Carolyn␈α∞Talcott␈α∞(1980)␈↓:␈α∞␈↓↓LISP␈α∞-␈α∞Programming␈α∞and␈α∞Proving␈↓,␈α∞course␈α∞notes,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Stanford University. (to be published as a book).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1982)␈↓:␈α
"Common␈α
Business␈α
Communication␈α
Language",␈α
in␈α
␈↓↓Textverarbeitung␈α
und
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓B␈↓
:␈↓↓urosysteme␈↓,␈αAlbert␈αEndres␈αand␈αJ␈↓
:␈↓urgen␈αReetz,␈αeds.␈α R.␈αOldenbourg␈αVerlag,␈αMunich␈αand␈αVienna
␈↓ α∧␈↓1982.  cbcl[f75,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α
(1982)␈↓:␈α
␈↓↓Coloring␈α
Maps␈α
and␈α
the␈α
Kowalski␈α
Doctrine␈↓,␈α
Report␈α
No.␈α
STAN-CS-82-903,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.  maps[e81,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1983)␈↓:␈α"AI␈αNeeds␈αmore␈αEmphasis␈αon␈αBasic␈αResearch",␈α␈↓↓AI␈αMagazine␈↓,␈αVolume␈α4,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Number 4, Winter 1983.  presid.1[f83,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∂John␈α∂(1983)␈↓:␈α∂"Some␈α∂Expert␈α∂Systems␈α∂Need␈α∂Common␈α∂Sense",␈α∂paper␈α∂presented␈α∂at␈α∂New
␈↓ α∧␈↓York Academy of Sciences Symposium.  common[e83,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1983)␈↓:␈α"The␈αLittle␈αThoughts␈αof␈αThinking␈αMachines",␈α␈↓↓Psychology␈αToday␈↓,␈αVolume
␈↓ α∧␈↓17, Number 12, December 1983.  psycho.4[e83,jmc]

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α_John␈α_(1984)␈↓:␈α_"Applications␈α_of␈α_Circumscription␈α_to␈α_Formalizing␈α_Common␈α_Sense
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u6


␈↓ α∧␈↓Knowledge".␈α∞ This␈α∞was␈α∞distributed␈α∞at␈α∞the␈α∞1984␈α∞AAAI␈α∞conference␈α∞on␈α∞non-monotonic␈α∞reasoning,
␈↓ α∧␈↓which␈α
will␈α
not␈α
have␈α
a␈α
proceedings␈α
and␈α
is␈α
being␈α
submitted␈α
for␈α
publication␈α
to␈α
␈↓↓Artificial␈α
Intelligence␈↓.
␈↓ α∧␈↓circum.tex[f83,jmc]